Insect caste development and their morphological divergence are not yet studied well, especially in ants. However, the role of developmental and genetic integration in evolution is contentious. In our study, we tried to reveal the quantitative genetics selection responses, phylogenetic signal, and evolutionary origin of weaver ant female castes (queen, major and minor). The widening and lengthening of the head region, as well as the welldeveloped mandibular process, are the major heritable characteristics found in the major worker ants. We hypothesized that these conserved and heritable characteristics may help the major worker ants for defense, foraging purposes and other nest-building function aspects. However, in the case of minor worker, small heads and the reduced mandibular process are the more heritable characteristics. Compared to worker ants, in queen, the highly heritable and conserved morphological character is well-developed thoracic regions and large-sized abdomen. It is interesting to note that there is no detectable phylogenetic signal across the female cast of the Asian weaver ants, which suggests that the caste development and morphological divergence are environmentally modulated not evolutionary conserved. From this study, we concluded that caste-specific morphological shape and size are highly conserved traits and these traits are modulated by their niche preferences.

Background: weaver-Dunn technique is one the prevalent methods for treating acute acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation. Until now، several modifications of this technique have been introduced. Regarding the drawbacks of the previous modifications and the importance of presence of an intact coracoacromial ligament (CAL)، we introduced a new modification of weaver-Dunn technique and investigated the preliminary results. Materials and methods: There were 15 patients with acute ACJ enrolled in current study. In the modified surgical technique، the medial half of the CAL is dissected from the bone and passed through a hole made in the clavicle bone and tied on itself. Before the operation and at the last visit، CC distance was measured on both sides. At the last visit، Constant score and UCLA score were completed. The pain intensity was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS). The patients were followed for 4. 2± 2. 6 years. Results: Preoperatively، CC distance of injured side was significantly greater than the other side (19. 5± 1. 6 mm Vs 7. 1± 0. 5 mm; p<0. 001). At the last visit، CC distance of the operated side was insignificantly greater than the healthy side (8. 2± 0. 9 mm Vs 7. 1± 0. 5 mm; p=0. 318). Constant score averaged 93. 3± 13. 2 and 95. 1± 10. 8 for operated and healthy shoulders، respectively (p=0. 118). UCLA averaged 32. 6± 3. 3 and pain intensity was 1. 4± 0. 8. Conclusion: Treatment of acute ACJ dislocations using the modified technique was associated with favorable outcomes. Utilizing this method، the joint stability and function are preserved.

Children are the beauty of human life and scholars discussed about them often. Again it is time to speak about them and try to re understand of this part of life. While talking about the child labour, we should consider those activities that children are engaged unpaid or low paid. Effect of such activities on their future is crucial. This paper after giving few definitions, and mentioning the related laws in this respect in Iran, will give some examples of child labour worldwide. Then on the base of existing data the child labour in Iran specially carpet weaving in rural areas its, causes and effects on family economy in those areas will bedescussed. Some suggestion will be given at the end.

Background & aim: About 40% of women and 12% of men experience a urinary tract infection at least once in their lifetime. Aminoglycosides are very effective antimicrobial agents. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is becoming a global public health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of ant(2'')-Ia and ant(4')-IIa genes in E. coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 187 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urine specimens of patients referred to Amir Al-Momenin Ali Hospital in Gerash city (Fars province) from June 2020 to June 2021. The pattern of antibiotic resistance to tobramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin and amikacin by disk diffusion method was investigated. PCR method was used to evaluate the presence of ant(2'')-Ia and ant(4')-IIa genes. Chi-square test was used for data analysis. Result: Out of 187 strains studied, 62 strains (33. 15%) were resistant to aminoglycosides. The highest and lowest aminoglycoside resistance was observed against tobramycin (79. 03%) and amikacin (11. 29%), respectively. Two strains (3. 22%) were resistant to all aminoglycosides. ant(2'')-Ia and ant(4')-IIa genes were identified in 17 strains (27. 41%) and 11 strains (17. 74%), respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections have relatively low resistance to common aminoglycosides. For the initial treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli in Gerash city, the use of amikacin and kanamycin antibiotics is recommended.

Introduction: Tall stature is defined as length or height more than two standard deviations above the mean for age of the reference population. There are different causes of tall stature from a familial trait or a transient anticipation of growth with no major consequences to growth disorders, such as endocrine disorder and syndromic conditions like overgrowth syndromes. Case Presentation: In this study, we reported the case of a 7-year-old girl with tall stature from birth. The patient showed a generalized overgrowth, associated with extremely advanced bone age, dysmorphic features such as a broad foreheadandlarge extremities, and a slight neurodevelopmental delay. Laboratory tests were normal, and the main hormonal disorders were ruled out. The diagnosis of overgrowth syndrome was suspected according to the clinical presentation, and the diagnosis of weaver syndrome was confirmed by the finding of the pathogenic mutation c.2050C > T p.(Arg684Cys) in EZH2 gene through next generation sequencing (NGS). Conclusions: Our patient showed phenotypical features related to different overgrowth syndrome characteristics. We underlined the difficulties in reaching a clinical diagnosis in presence of tall stature. The role of molecular biology, particularly genetic analysis by NGS approach, should be considered in cases of tall stature with phenotypic overlap.

Background & Aims: Accepting the paternal role is one of the most complex psychological processes that requires numerous personal and family changes. However, there is no comprehensive definition for this challenging transition period, and family background has the greatest impact on accepting paternal identity and playing the role of father. Over the years, researchers have focused more on mothers and examining the various aspects of motherhood and how it is played. They are neglected and there are not many tools to measure paternal fetal attachment. One of the tools available is a modified version of Cranley and weaver paternal fetal attachment, but the Persian version is not valid and reliable in information sources. Therefore, this study was conducted to translate and standardize the Persian version of the Cranley and weaver paternal fetal attachment questionnaire in Urmia. Materials & Methods: The original version of the measure of paternal fetal attachment in a crosssectional study was translated in three stages. A final version in Persian was provided. Experts' opinions and the Kappa agreement coefficient were used to examine the face and content validity. To determine the reliability of the Persian version, by random sampling, 100fathers were selected and a test-retest was administered. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, Cronbach's alpha, intracluster correlation coefficient, and multi factors analysis. Results: The internal consistency of the five domains of the questionnaire obtained using Cronbach's alpha was between 0. 768 and 0. 874. The reliability values were within the cluster correlationindex between 0. 623 and 0. 777. The correlation between the five domains was favorable on the basis of Spearman correlation coefficient. Conclusion: The Persian version of the measure of process of Cranley and weaver paternal fetal attachment with 24 items and in five different areas has a good validity and reliability as a tool for evaluating the paternal attachment in all health care centers.